Biological crust in sand and dust storm source areas of ...
2021-6-1 · 1. Introduction. Sand and dust storms (SDSs) are severe weather phenomena that occur worldwide. SDSs have been estimated to release 200–5000 Mt of mineral dust into the atmosphere yearly in Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa (Tegen and Fung, 1994; Zender et al., 2004), of which Asia emits an annual total of about 800 Mt of mineral dust (Zhang et al., 1997).
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